Immune+System

=Typical Q&A = **Immune System** **Pathogen...** is anything that makes you sick, and it can be virus (Nowicki 941) [Sammy]. (HIV virus) [Sammy].  **Pathogens are related to homeostasis because...** Homeostasis is the range of stable condition of your internal environment such as temperature and salts levels to support your life. So if the pathogens cause diseases, they will disrupt that stable condition. For example, the body temperature can increases highly if you are infected by a virus (Nowicki 858) [Sammy]. **The role of the skin (integumentary system) in defending against pathogens** The skin is the protective outer layer which blocks the pathogens on the way to get into our body. “The skin also secretes oil and sweat, which make the skin hypertonic and acidic". So water will come out of the skin that pathogens don’t have any way to get inside the body. Many pathogens can be destroyed in acidic environment. (Nowicki 945)[Sammy]. **Inflammation and fever help the immune system by:**  //(Principal Events in the Inflammatory Response) //[Sammy].  **How do white blood cells detect the pathogens?(Jun)** (hematology)(Jun)  Pathogens carry "antigen"(Sharp) in their membrane. So as soon as white blood cells touch them, they notice the difference.
 * Inflammation is an uncertain response of immune system to a pathogen by some symptoms such as “swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increased warmth at the affected site”. The inflammation reaction starts when the white blood cells produce chemicals that make the blood vessel walls to open a bit. Then the white blood cells come out of the circular system and go to the place where infection takes place. They will fight against the pathogens. Then the symptoms of inflammation will reduce and stop and the cells will start to rebuild (Nowicki 950) [Sammy].
 * Low fever can help speeding up the growth of white blood cells. The white blood cells’ role is to stop infection and kill pathogens. However, only mature white blood cells can do it. So the more mature white blood cells, the more your body can fight against pathogens easily (Nowicki 951) [Sammy].

**White blood cells in Cellular Immunity & Humoral Immunity.(Jun)**  T cell function in the cellular immunity. When the T cell encounter weird cell, they will divide and destroy the weird cell  B cell function in humoral immunity. They will reproduce to make the foreign cell become inactive

[Kelly]

THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS B IS A WHITE BLOOD CELL! B cell is a kind of lymphocyte (Nowicki 946). Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that destroys or inactivates pathogens (Nowicki 946). B cells produce antibodies - a type of protein that will destroy the pathogen during humoral immunity responses; a type of specific immunity (Nowicki 953) [Kelly].

T cells is also a kind of lymphocyte that destroy or inactivate cells that have already been infected with pathogens by binding themselves to them (Nowicki 946). T cells is used in cellular immunity, a type of specific immunity (Nowicki 952) [Kelly].
 * T CELL IS A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL!**

**OTHERS MECHANISM THAT HELPS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO DEFEND AGAINST PATHOGEN ARE ...PROTEINS! (MADE BY WHITE BLOOD CELLS OF COURSE)**

Antibodies are Y shape protein that used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are produce by a plasma cell, which is a type of white blood cell Antibodies are use to identify and neutralize foreign object like bacteria and viruses. They are design to attack only one kind of cell, or viruses. For example, the antibody that is used to attack smallpox cannot fight off cold or another illness (Nowicki 953) [Kelly].
 * 1. Antibody**

Interferons helps detects cells that are already infected with virus and stops other cells from being invaded by them (Nowicki 953) [Kelly].
 * 2. Interferons**

These mechanism can sometimes cause misinterpretation, too; like tissue rejection after an organ or tissue transplant.Because the body immune system recognize the donor's cells protein coating called antigens and the B cells makes antibody against it (Nowicki 954) [Kelly].

The immune system has many way of defending against pathogens either by cells are by proteins. For bacteria, white blood cells and certain proteins like Complement protein and antibodies. For virus, there is only one type of protein designed to fight, or better yet protect the body for being further infected by the virus called interferons (Nowicki 947) [Kelly].

The similarities is between the bacteria and viruses is that they are both prokaryotic and they can both cause diseases, including some of the most fatal diseases. The different between them is that viruses is not alive, and virus is much smaller than bacteria. Viruses can cause infection to bacteria. The last thing is that viruses need a living host to multiply or "reproduce" while bacteria can grow and reproduce on non living surface
 * What are similarities and differences between bacteria and viruses?**

Vaccines usually very weak cell or dead cell so that our body can identify and remember how to fight the weird cell. When the healthy cells that actually cause disease enter our body, our body can fight off the cell and protect our body.
 * How do vaccines work?**

HIV enter our body and weaken our defense and help cause AIDS ( acquire immunodeficiency syndrome)
 * Describe the action of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the human body.**

It's hard for our body to defense against HIV because HIV attack our T cell so that the B cell cannot respond to the virus. Without T cell signal, the B cell cannot go and destroy the virus. This weakened our body immune system, making us vulnerable to other viruses and bacteria
 * Why does the body have difficulty defending against HIV?**

**Works Cited **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%;">HIV virus. Digital image. //Elements4Health//. Elements4Health, 23 Aug. 2010. Web. 14 May 2011. <http://www.elements4health.com/studies-suggest-the-brain-can-act-as-a-hiding-place-for-the-hiv-virus.html>.[Sammy] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%;">Nowicki, Stephen. //McDougal Littell//. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2008. Print.[Kelly & Sammy] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 200%;">// Principal Events in the Inflammatory Response // . Digital image. //US DRUGSTORE//. US DRUGSTORE, 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 14 May 2011. <http://usdrugstore.blog.com/inflammation-learn-about-signs-types-diseases-and-how-are-inflammation-treated/>.[Sammy] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Elsevier Science. Humoral and Cellular Immunity. Digital image. //IMMUNOPATHOLOGY//. Web. 15 May 2011. [Kelly] **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">"Hematology of Leukemia." //SERC//. Web. 16 May 2011.[Jun} **